拉格朗日中值定理证明中辅助函数的构造

本文应用分析法、几何法、待定系数法,分别构造出满足罗尔定理条件的函数,即拉格朗日中值定理证明中的辅助函数。     

China's emerging market for property rights: Theoretical and empirical perspectives1

his paper contrasts state–directed and market–mediated reform of enterprise ownership rights in transition economies. We evaluate China's emerging market for enterprise ownership rights from the perspective of conditions underpinning the Coase Theorem: the assignment of property rights, the degree of competition, and the nature of transaction costs. China's recent experience suggests that policies designed to expand and support the scope of decentralized, market–based restructuring of ownership rights, even under conditions that deviate widely from the ideal assumptions underlying the Coase Theorem, may prove more beneficial than direct official intervention. JEL classification: G34, K11, L1 and P3.     

Intertemporal price–quality discrimination and the Coase conjecture

We examine time-consistent intertemporal price–quality discrimination by a durable goods monopolist, when there are a continuum of buyer demand-intensities with respect to product quality, and it is profitable for the monopolist to trade with the marginal buyer-type (i.e., the “gap” case). We show that along every subgame perfect equilibrium path, with probability 1, prices and qualities decline over time, and the market is completely and monotonically depleted according to buyer-type in a finite number of offers. But, unlike the fixed quality literature, the monopolist may randomize over price–quality offers along the equilibrium path. We also show that the Coase conjecture continues to be valid here, but in a form that is significantly different from the usual formulation. In the limit, as the time between offers evaporates, the monopolist makes a continuum of offers and perfectly screens the market. However, he effectively cannot price-discriminate, because the equilibrium profits converge to the complete “pooling” profits that would be made if the entire market had the marginal buyer-type’s valuation.     

新疆劳动力三次产业间转移的特点及动因分析

随着国民经济的发展、人均国民收入的提高,出现了劳动力由第一产业即农业向第二、第三产业等非农部门转移的现象。新疆劳动力三次产业间转移呈现出与配第-克拉克定理关于劳动力三次产业间转移完全不同的特点。本文认为,这是由于新疆工业基础薄弱,服务业的技术、知识含量低,农村人口缺少专业技术等原因造成的。     

自由交易能否实现资源最优配置：科斯中性定理的逻辑缺陷审视

科斯中性定理为新古典自由主义经济学所崇尚的基于帕累托改进的自由交换提供了理论支持,但无论是在实践应用上还是理论逻辑上,科斯中性定理本身却存在明显的缺陷。主要体现为：（1）它主要满足于存在两个当事者时的逻辑分析,而没有考虑多人交易中存在的核配置困境;（2）它没有考虑交易各方的交易能力,这涉及交易的可行性问题;（3）它还没有考虑当事者偏好的环境依赖性,这涉及交易的意愿性问题。事实上,如果考虑到因财富差异造成的交易能力差异,那么,在一个交易成本为零并可以自由交易的社会中,初始产权界定给穷人将会产生更高的资源配置效率,显然,这是对科斯中性定理的革命。通过对科斯中性定理中逻辑缺陷的剖析,也就揭示了自发市场秩序在扩展中的基础性障碍。     

土地财政与最优城市规模

土地是有限的,完全依靠土地收入的发展模式是不可持续的。本文主要考察土地财政作为地方政府的一种融资渠道,城市建设用地规模的使用是否与城市人口规模的增加相协调,是否存在过度扩张城市面积促进地区经济发展的现象。为了分析土地出让收入(地租)、公共品供给以及城市规模之间的关系,本文以乔治亨利定理为基础,并引入林达尔均衡条件建立起最优城市人口密度理论模型。采用1999～2009年31个省面板数据对中国城市成本收益模型进行计量分析,结果表明全国26个省低于估算的最优城市人口密度,验证了中国存在城市面积的扩张与人口的增加不协调发展的情况。     

我国产业结构与就业吸纳能力的实证分析

基于就业弹性的视角对我国产业结构与就业吸纳能力进行实证分析发现,我国第一产业拉动就业不足,第三产业拉动就业能力较强。再通过比较我国结构偏离系数与国际标准结构偏离系数发现:第一产业存在大量的隐性失业,第二产业吸纳就业能力在减弱,劳动力在向第三产业转移;各行业直接或者间接吸纳就业能力不同,批零餐饮业和社会服务等行业拉动就业作用最强。最后,从消除第一产业隐性失业、发展劳动密集型产业等角度提出了一些解决我国结构性就业矛盾的政策建议。     

现代不确定性理论的比较研究

不确定性分析是现代经济理论产生的前提.奈特是不确定性理论的开创者,在对风险和不确定性划分的基础上,奈特解释了利润的来源,并对企业的性质进行了界定.科斯在分析企业理论时,对奈特的不确定性理论进行了批判.威廉姆森是继科斯之后集交易成本理论之大成者.无论是奈特、科斯或是威廉姆森都重视不确定性对企业的影响,但他们三者在不确定性的内涵、理论地位及分析方法上都存在不同.     

Costly enforcement of property rights and the Coase theorem

We examine a setting in which property rights are initially ambiguously defined. Whether the parties go to court to remove the ambiguity or bargain and settle before or after trial, they incur enforcement costs. When the parties bargain, a version of the Coase theorem holds. However, despite the additional costs of going to court, other ex-post inefficiencies, and the absence of incomplete information, going to court may ex-ante Pareto dominate settling out of court. This is especially true in dynamic settings, where obtaining a court decision today saves on future enforcement costs. When the parties do not negotiate and go to court, a simple rule for the initial ambiguous assignment of property rights maximizes net surplus. A paper circulated under the same title and dated 6 March 2000 contained the basic structure examined in this paper, but did not develop many of the results reported here. For comments, we would like to thank participants at the WZB-CEPR contests conference and seminar audiences at the University of Southern California, the University of British Columbia, UC Davis, and UC Riverside.